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Backend Application & API

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Backend Application Security

• Verify security middleware is registered before routes.
• Verify Helmet/security headers are actually applied to every relevant route.
• Verify CORS is explicitly configured rather than broadly enabled.
• Verify CORS does not use wildcard origins with credentials.
• Verify allowed origins are exact and environment-specific.
• Verify allowed HTTP methods are restricted.
• Verify allowed headers are restricted.
• Verify exposed headers do not reveal unnecessary sensitive information.
• Verify preflight behavior cannot be abused.
• Verify HTTP methods not used by the application are rejected.
• Verify TRACE is disabled where unnecessary.
• Verify request size limits exist.
• Verify JSON body size limits exist.
• Verify multipart upload limits exist.
• Verify URL/query length limits exist where appropriate.
• Verify compression cannot be abused for resource exhaustion.
• Verify timeout limits exist.
• Verify keep-alive behavior is appropriate.
• Verify large headers/cookies cannot consume excessive resources.
• Verify malformed requests produce safe failures.
• Verify ValidationPipe is configured deliberately.
• Verify unexpected properties are rejected or stripped.
• Verify primitive coercion cannot produce surprising authorization behavior.
• Verify nested DTOs are validated recursively.
• Verify arrays have maximum length.
• Verify strings have maximum length.
• Verify numeric ranges are enforced.
• Verify enum values are allowlisted.
• Verify dates are validated semantically, not just syntactically.
• Verify regex validations cannot cause ReDoS.
• Verify deeply nested JSON cannot cause parser/resource exhaustion.
• Verify prototype pollution paths are blocked.
• Verify JSON object keys cannot overwrite trusted server-side fields.
• Verify mass assignment is prevented.
• Verify DTOs do not expose administrative properties.
• Verify database entities are not directly used as request DTOs.
• Verify response DTOs do not accidentally expose private fields.
• Verify serialization does not leak internal metadata.
• Verify validation errors do not expose stack traces, SQL, filesystem paths, secrets, or internal service names.
• Verify every protected controller/route uses explicit authentication guards.
• Verify public routes are explicitly identified.
• Verify global guards cannot be bypassed through special routes.
• Verify custom decorators cannot accidentally skip guards.
• Verify metadata-based bypasses are reviewed.
• Verify API keys are independently scoped and rotatable.
• Verify internal service credentials are distinct from user credentials.
• Verify admin credentials are never accepted by normal-user endpoints unless intended.
• Verify password authentication is delegated to a secure identity provider where practical.
• Verify refresh-token flows cannot be replayed indefinitely.
• Verify token verification checks issuer, audience, expiry, signature algorithm, and key.
• Verify JWT algorithm confusion is impossible.
• Verify none or unintended algorithms cannot be accepted.
• Verify JWT key rotation is supported.
• Verify token claims are not trusted merely because the client supplied them.
• Verify authorization does not depend solely on custom JWT claims that can become stale.
• Verify token timestamps are validated.
• Verify clock-skew handling is bounded.
• Verify service-to-service tokens use appropriate audience restrictions.
• Verify route-level authorization.
• Verify resource-level authorization.
• Verify action-level authorization.
• Verify ownership checks.
• Verify tenant checks.
• Verify role hierarchy.
• Verify admin-only operations.
• Verify support/staff impersonation controls.
• Verify emergency/break-glass access.
• Verify authorization is centralized enough to avoid inconsistent policies.
• Verify authorization does not rely on URL structure.
• Verify authorization cannot be bypassed using route aliases.
• Verify authorization cannot be bypassed through duplicate parameters.
• Verify conflicting parameters do not create authorization ambiguity.
• Search for string-concatenated SQL.
• Verify parameterized queries everywhere.
• Review dynamic ORDER BY, filter, table, column, and sort-direction inputs.
• Verify allowlists for dynamic SQL identifiers.
• Review raw SQL queries manually.
• Review query builders for unsafe raw fragments.
• Test SQL injection in every search/filter/sort/export endpoint.
• Test second-order SQL injection.
• Test JSON/JSONB operators.
• Test full-text-search inputs.
• Test stored procedure invocation.
• Verify database error handling does not leak schema details.
• Verify connection credentials have minimum privileges.
• Verify application DB users cannot perform administrative operations unnecessarily.
• Identify every server-side URL fetch.
• Block arbitrary user-selected schemes.
• Allowlist permitted schemes.
• Validate hostnames after DNS resolution.
• Prevent access to localhost.
• Prevent access to private RFC1918 addresses.
• Prevent access to link-local ranges.
• Prevent access to cloud metadata endpoints.
• Prevent IPv4/IPv6 bypasses.
• Prevent DNS rebinding.
• Resolve and validate destination IP.
• Revalidate redirects.
• Prevent redirects to internal addresses.
• Restrict outbound ports.
• Restrict response size.
• Restrict request timeout.
• Restrict maximum redirects.
• Disable unnecessary protocols such as file:, gopher:, etc.
• Test URL parser discrepancies between validation library and HTTP client.
• Validate upload size.
• Validate MIME type.
• Validate extension.
• Validate actual file signature/magic bytes.
• Do not trust client-provided MIME type.
• Generate server-side filenames.
• Prevent path traversal.
• Prevent null-byte filename tricks.
• Prevent archive bombs.
• Prevent decompression bombs.
• Prevent polyglot-file abuse.
• Scan uploaded content where appropriate.
• Process files in isolated environments.
• Do not execute uploaded content.
• Prevent SVG/script payloads where SVG is not required.
• Sanitize document previews.
• Verify image processing libraries are updated.
• Verify EXIF metadata handling.
• Prevent uploaded files from becoming executable web content.
• Prevent content-type confusion.
• Verify download authorization separately from upload authorization.
• Disable stack traces in production responses.
• Disable verbose framework errors.
• Verify error IDs/correlation IDs do not expose secrets.
• Verify logs never contain passwords.
• Verify logs never contain access tokens.
• Verify logs never contain refresh tokens.
• Verify cookies are not logged.
• Verify Authorization headers are not logged.
• Verify signed URLs are not logged in plaintext.
• Verify PII logging is minimized.
• Verify security events are logged.
• Verify authorization failures are logged.
• Verify admin actions are logged.
• Verify authentication events are logged.
• Verify logs are tamper-resistant.
• Verify log retention is appropriate.
• Verify alerts exist for repeated authentication failures and privilege escalation indicators.
• Rate-limit login.
• Rate-limit password reset.
• Rate-limit OTP generation.
• Rate-limit OTP verification.
• Rate-limit registration.
• Rate-limit expensive search endpoints.
• Rate-limit export endpoints.
• Rate-limit file processing.
• Rate-limit invitation sending.
• Rate-limit webhook endpoints.
• Rate-limit expensive database queries.
• Rate-limit resource creation.
• Verify quotas are enforced per identity and per origin/IP where appropriate.
• Test account enumeration.
• Test credential stuffing resistance.
• Test brute-force resistance.
• Test denial-of-service through expensive parameters.
• Test concurrency/race attacks.
• Test duplicate request handling.
• Test idempotency for state-changing API calls.

Public API / REST / RPC

• Inventory every endpoint.
• Inventory every version.
• Inventory deprecated endpoints.
• Inventory undocumented endpoints.
• Inventory internal/debug endpoints.
• Inventory health endpoints.
• Inventory admin endpoints.
• Inventory webhook endpoints.
• Inventory file endpoints.
• Inventory export endpoints.
• Inventory GraphQL/RPC endpoints where applicable.
• Verify deprecated endpoints are disabled or equally protected.
• Verify OpenAPI documentation matches actual exposed endpoints.
• Verify HTTP method authorization.
• Verify path parameter authorization.
• Verify query parameter authorization.
• Verify body-property authorization.
• Verify nested object authorization.
• Verify response-property filtering.
• Verify error-property filtering.
• Verify sensitive business workflows have anti-automation controls.
• Verify rate limits.
• Verify quotas.
• Verify pagination limits.
• Verify maximum page size.
• Verify maximum export size.
• Verify maximum request complexity.
• Verify protection against parameter pollution.
• Verify duplicate parameter behavior is deterministic.
• Verify parser differences between proxies and backend are reviewed.
• Verify HTTP content-type restrictions.
• Verify JSON/XML parsers cannot resolve external entities if XML is supported.
• Verify request validation on all alternate content types.
• Verify response caching cannot cross users.
• Verify cache keys include all security-relevant identity dimensions.
• Verify private responses are not publicly cached.
• Verify ETag/conditional-request behavior does not leak information.
• Verify sensitive actions use CSRF defenses where cookie-based authentication is used.
• Verify CORS and credentials behavior.
• Verify CSRF tokens cannot be replayed cross-session.
• Verify SameSite cookie settings.
• Verify Origin/Referer validation where appropriate.

Webhooks

• Inventory every webhook receiver.
• Verify webhook signatures.
• Verify signature verification covers the exact raw body.
• Verify timestamps/nonces where supported.
• Verify replay protection.
• Verify event IDs are idempotent.
• Verify duplicate webhook delivery is safe.
• Verify webhook source allowlisting where appropriate.
• Verify webhook secrets are rotatable.
• Verify webhook secrets are not exposed in client code.
• Verify webhook failures cannot reveal secrets.
• Verify webhook payloads are validated.
• Verify webhook payloads do not directly control privileged actions without authorization.
• Verify webhook-triggered operations enforce tenant/resource authorization.
• Verify webhook endpoint rate limits.
• Verify asynchronous processing cannot be poisoned.
• Verify malformed events cannot create queue exhaustion.
• Verify webhook retries cannot create duplicate financial/security operations.